Scholarship, Anyone?

Henny Rahmawati/807221410578
Process Analysis Essay

Most people, college and university students in particular, are eager to continue their study after finishing their undergraduate courses. Nowadays, the tuition of higher degree is scarcely affordable. Therefore, scholarship is a sort of enlightenment for those people to make their wishes come true. As we know there are Indonesian and overseas scholarships; yet, the latter is more challenging. To afford such scholarship can be either difficult or easy depend on how hard you prepare yourself beforehand. Here, I will try to find the right-four ways for you to get the overseas scholarship.
The first thing to do before you start everything is looking for some relevant information that can be done massively through the internet— the fund, the courses, the requirements, and etc. In the case of fund, the consideration can be whether the scholars get the full funding; if it is not, you are a lot better to find another scholarship or it may get you in trouble, then. You should also think of the courses in which you will immerse. The one which is in line with your major in undergraduate program is more appreciated. While the requirements, in this case, is merely for you to prepare. Ensure yourself on what information you get if it can be trusted either by asking your friends who got such scholarships or by getting in touch with the contact person available.
After finding adequate information, the following step is fulfilling the requirements. Ensure that you understand what the requirements want you to do; misunderstanding of the requirements will make you fail, indeed. Ask your friends or even your professors if you are right in understanding the requirements. Prepare everything as what the requirements ask; do it as best as you can. As an example, you must have GPA (Great Point Average) at least 3.00; if it is less than that, you have failed in the very first screening. Besides, you may have to have TOEFL score at least 500. Then, join any TOEFL tests and try to gain such score; make sure that the test in which you are scored can be approved by the provider. Besides, you may be asked to translate your documents into English; make sure that your documents are truly translated. Letter of reference may also be the requirement that you have to fulfill. Here, you should make the letter as convincing as possible. It is better for you to make it in line with the objectives the provider wants to achieve. Ask help for your professor to correct your writing. Moreover, there are many more requirements that you must fulfill. After, you complete the requirements, make sure that nothing is left; invite your friends to convince you that everything is complete as you suppose to be.
The next step you may do after fulfilling the requirements is preparing yourself. The scholarship may want you to follow international TOEFL test which is held by the provider, interview, and etc. Practice your English every single day prior to the international TOEFL test. Then, prepare yourself for interview by anticipating any questions given before you. Again, you can ask your friends the general questions asked when she did her interview. One thing that is also important to be prepared is familiarizing yourself with the university and its society. This can avoid culture shock when you come to the country where the scholarship is offered.
The last but not least is praying to God. Everything is under God’s will. Whatever you have done even it is fully perfect, if God does not permit you to do so, you have no choice but to obey Him not to join such scholarships. By praying to God, you can propose what you want; and, hopefully God lets you join the scholarship program.
In the above-mentioned analysis, you have four advisable ways to join overseas scholarships. Those ways can vary; yet, the most important thing is how well you do those ways. Nothing is difficult if you believe you can do it. Everybody has an equal chance, in this case. Do not be reluctant to compete with others. So, Anyone?

Which One do You Choose? Novels or Movies (Muntiara Grasia P)

Nowadays, it is not difficult to find many movies that are produced based on best-seller novels. We can mention many examples like the seven series of Harry Potter, the trilogy of The Lord of the Rings, Twilight and other series, etc. Following that phenomenon, many comments and critics appear and affect society. Some people prefer to watch movies rather than to read novels. But, there are also some people who enjoy reading novels better than watching movies. However, to me, reading novels is preferable and beneficial compare to watching movies.

Firstly, unlike watching movies, reading novels give us a complete visualization about the atmosphere and physical appearance of the characters. In writing novels, the writers are free to write as many details as they want. There are also no limitataion at all, so that the readers are given so many details related to the story itself. We can also mention many details like time and place settings, backgrounds of the story, physical appearance of the characters, etc. Next, we are also given an opportunity to get a clearer visualization about other things which sometimes failed to be presented in the movies. In contrast to reading novels, watching movies allow us to have a concrete picture because we already get a fixed image about many things inside the story. But then, again, it is not a fixed guarantee that we can enjoy watching movies better than reading novels. The next reason is that reading novels can give more benefit to the readers. By reading, in this case novels, the readers can activate both left and right brains, while when watching movies they only activate their right brain. Based on that reason, I believe that it is more beneficial to read novels than watch movies.

Secondly, even though both novels and movies present the same stories, novels offer a more exciting plot for the reader. As mentioned on paragraph above, there are no limitation for the writers of the novels to explore as many details as they want. In contrast to that, in producing some movies, the producer and director are confined by many aspects; like the duration of the movies, budget, society's demand or even society's norms and rules. We can take an example about the limitation of the movie's duration. Usually movies last for an hour and a half up to two hours. It is not allowed for them to produce movies with duration more than two hours. One of the reasons is that the viewers of the movies will feel bored and not appreciate the movies well. So it is also another reason why sometimes we find that there are some parts in the novels are missing in the movies. Another reason is that because readers are free to finish it anytime they want. People will be more free in enjoying the story. Reading novels can give us pleasure and excitement in continuing reading. Sometimes we are curious to read it on and on. In contrast to this, it sometimes happens that some parts of the stories in the movies can be guessed easily before we finish watching it. So, I believe that reading novels is more enjoyable compare to watching movies.

Thirdly, whereas movies need an expensive budget, novels offer a cheaper budget on the process of producing the story. As a matter of fact, in producing some movies, there are so many details that have to be visualized perfectly, such as the settings of place, tools used by the characters and also costums of the characters. We can take one example is about the setting of the place. Sometimes it is difficult to find or even build the setting of the place in the story. It also happens that the crews have to travel around the world in order to have a place as valid as the setting in the novels. Next, it is also difficult to expose some segments of the stories that need a special characteristic, like a segment of fighting. It will need a lot of special effects in order to expose the real fighting so that it will not expensively cost. Next, it also needs so many equipments and people who are responsible in that process. In contrast to that, in the process of producing the novels, the writers only need papers and computers. They can also write it everywhere. Based on those reasons, I believe that it will be more beneficial to produce novels rather than movies, because it will save a lot of money.

In conclusion, I believe that we all agree that reading novels offer more advantages for us. Firstly, we can get a more complete visualization about the settings and the physical appearance of the characters. Next, we are also able to enjoy a more exciting plot. Lastly, it will also save much money. Based on those advantages, I suggest you to read novels rather than watch movies.

Three Basic Groups in Literary Theories ( Muntiara Grasia P)

In order to get pleasure and entertainment, people need something called literature. If I mention the word literature, I believe that you will sort of like imagining the things like poems, novels, short stories, etc. However, the term literature itself has broader meanings and consists of many things. Drama and plays also belong to literature. However, to make it simple, this essay will deal with novels and short stories only. For some educational purposes, students of literature are encouraged to analyze the work of literature in order to get deeper meanings by using literary theories. In general, based on the content of those literary theories, they can be classified into three major groups, which are called intrinsic theories, extrinsic theories, and cultural studies. The complete explanation will be exposed more in the following paragraphs.

Firstly, in order to get the beauty of the literature, it is preferable to use the intrinsic theories. This category consists of several theories named Structuralism, Formalism and New Criticism; which are almost similar from one to another. Generally, it has the similar bound and understanding; it values the literariness inside the texts. The fundamental questions to begin analyzing with these theories are what literature is and what makes literature is literature. The process is by completely reading texts then evaluating the aspects inside the texts. It also needs the ability of understanding the form of the texts and grammatical rules of sentences. Several important people who are popular with these theories are Ferdinand Strausse, Plato, and Aristotle. The differences between these three theories are just in a matter of purpose and process. In Structuralism, you have to find the structure of the texts then try to find and place the structure(s) in order to generate one basic idea about that text. Whereas Structuralism seems to find the structure, Formalism offers a simpler idea. You have to understand the text’s form(s) and then fulfill the form based on the texts. In contrast to these two, New Formalism tends to question the paradox aspects in texts and derive the meanings based on those aspects. So in this category, you will be able to enjoy the explicit understanding related to the theme of the texts.

Secondly, to understand the phenomena beyond the text, it is better to use the extrinsic theories to analyze some literary works. This category consists of three theories named Marxism, Feminism, and Post Colonialism. Generally, these theories seem to expose the deep structure; or simply identified as meanings beyond the texts that sometimes covered by the author’s ability to hide it. Several people who initiate these theories are Karl Marx, Butler, etc. The basic understanding of these three is that literature; in this context is text, is the representative of the real society. However, each theory brings their specialty. Marxism is the theory about economy; it is solid that every activity in the society is basically searching the advantages and trying to overcome the power towards someone, some groups, or some societies. In contrast, Post Colonialism exposes the domination of White people towards colors and black people. Lastly, Feminism specifies the phenomena into a more specific aspect about the domination of men towards women. It explains how many things define as the men’s rules and demands. So, I believe that you will be challenged if you try these theories because you can see something beyond the basic understanding that usually written implicitly.

Lastly, to see the cultural aspects related to the work of literature, you better choose the cultural studies. This category consists of several theories which are named Sociology, Psychoanalysis theory, and Reader Response theory. Basically, these theories talk about something which is not really connected from one to another. In general, this category has a wider and broader process of analysis. These theories are questioning the connection between the extrinsic aspects of the author; like the background of life and also their work as the representative life of the author itself. Several people who are popular in these theories are Susan Boyle, Derrida, and Sigmund Freud. In Sociology theory, the analysis focuses on the social aspect of the literature itself like the author’s background. It is believed that literary works are so much influenced by the society so that will be easier for you to see the society condition at that time through the works itself. Next, in Psychoanalysis the analysis focuses on the psychological aspects of the character(s) and author. By understanding this aspect, you will be able to see the reason why these texts appear and also the effect of it. Lastly, the reader response theory is the summary of many literary theories that exist now. In this theory, the readers are free to use any theories that can support their arguments as long as those theories are valid. Based on that explanation, I believe that analyzing the cultural aspects of the texts is also very useful.

In conclusion, based on the explanation given in several paragraphs above, we can see how many theories are divided into three major groups based on their specialty. If you interested to find the beauty of the text, you can use the intrinsic theories. But if you interested to see the deeper meanings of texts you can use the extrinsic theories while Cultural studies can also be the option to see the social aspects on it. However, no one category is better than the other because they have their own characteristics to analyze the texts.

Are You Readers, What Level are You?

Henny Rahmawati

807221410578

Almost all readers label books as their “best friends.” As best friends, books will always be ready to help the readers. As an illustration, whenever the readers want to get information on some relevant topics, they only need to read particular books. Besides, books can also do many things for the readers—entertaining, educating, giving information, and etc—that meet with their needs. Moreover, books never complain to the readers on how the readers behave toward them. Though the readers do not regard the books as they are, such as putting the books on some improper places and leaving the books behind soon after they do not need those books, the books will still faithfully provide advantages for the readers. There are a lot of books which the readers can read. Different books, of course, attract different level of readers. Therefore, here, I will classify four kinds of readers namely elderly, adult, teen, and child readers.

 The first category is the elderly readers. In this case, based on my observation, they tend to read holy books more frequently than other readers. For they are old, most of them do not have a good sight so that they may use eyeglasses to relieve them of some hardships during reading. The elderly readers mostly read slowly but surely from the beginning until the end. For them, the holy books are the only books which can still interest them in that very age; other kinds of books may remain not interesting anymore. It is because they consider that they will face death so they must come closer to God as their saving account in the hereafter.

Besides what I just explained previously, there are some readers that we often call as ‘adult readers.’ The readers tend to read some serious books related to their careers such as politics books for the government staffs, economics books for the businessmen, pedagogy for the educational staffs, and etc. Besides, adult women particularly house wives, they have a tendency to read books about children, cuisines, and women. The adult readers prefer skimming and scanning to reading word by word or careful reading for most of them are busy people. Moreover, they do not concern on the books’ appearance anymore but they concern more on their contents if they meet with their needs. For them, reading books is aimed to gain essential information related to their careers. Accordingly, it enables them to be more professional in the workplaces.

The next category is the teen readers. In this category, readers are interesting with the book about puberty, marriage, zodiac, cosmetics, and many more. They are likely to skim and scan the significant information from those books. The readers here still concern with the appearance of the books such as the covers and the illustration as well as the contents. Basically, by reading those books they are looking for the common things they undergo during puberty and they are anxious to know more about marriage before they come to that condition. While zodiac sections are very interesting for them for they can predict their future fortune and anticipate their misfortunes in the future.

The last category is the child readers. They tend to read fairy tales, legends, fables, short stories and etc.  They are likely to read interesting book in terms of the cover and the illustration of the books. If those two cases attract them, they will read the books regardless the contents of those books. The children may read those books randomly from the beginning to the end or vice versa. They may stop reading one chapter before it is not done yet and move to another chapter that is more attractive for them. Mainly, they do reading those books just for fun.

   In short, based on what we just explained in the above, readers may vary—elderly, adult, teen and child readers. The readers, then, tend to read books which can draw their interests. This enables the readers to deal with the proper books based on their levels. So, which level do you belong to?

 

Pure-Breed Cats; The Most Gorgeous Feline

Yosi Founisce - 209221416628

" There are many intelligent species in the universe. They are all owned by cats." (Anonymous). Cat is one of the most familiar and well-known pets for human daily life. There are many cats that are taken care in home or residence. In fact, this large number of cats not only come from one type, but they may come from various types and have their own characteristics. Some of them are classified into pure-breed cats. There are Persian, Siamese, Manx, and Sphinx which are considered as pure breed cats.
The first pure breed cat which is the most familiar homely pet is Persian cat. This cat is considered as one of the most beautiful cats. Mostly, it is noticeable by its physical characteristics or appearance, like its head and face and its body hair and tail. Usually a Persian cat has cute face, chubby body and soft body hair. Persian cat has wide rounded head with ears set far apart, large smoothed eyes and an shortened muzzle. It seems that everything about Persian cat is ‘rounded’. Its pointed ears are rounded and not too high. Its eyes are also rounded and quite large and the color of its eyes is related to the color of its body hair. One that makes its face more cute is it has extremely shortened nose and muzzle. It also makes Persian face seems flat and rounded. Persian cat appears big and fatty because its body is covered by long and thick coat of body hair. Not only appearance of Persian that catches the attention of people, but also the placid and homely nature manner of this cute cat that make it as famous pet. Persian is calm and elegant cat. It does not make a lot of noise and has soft voice. Persian is an adaptable cat with any places, it can sit and sleep anywhere for hours. This pretty cat also has cute expression and likes to play which makes it as a lovable pet. Therefore, Persian cat is a really suitable pet.
Next, there is Siamese cat. Siamese cat is one of the first distinctly recognized breeds of Oriental cat. Actually, its exact origins of the breed are unknown, but it is believed to be from Southeast Asia. From its name, Siamese, we know that it comes from a familiar country called Siam or Thailand now. Siamese cat’s appearance seems like Indonesian local cat, but it has more unique appearance than Indonesian local cat. This cat has an elegant, slim, stylish, flexible and well muscled body. Its head is triangular shaped, with a thin snout. The eyes are almond-shaped and sloping and the ears large and thin. It has a long neck, body and tail. The fur is short, glossy, fine, soft, tight and hold on to the body. The Siamese is characterized by its typical pointed color pattern on body edges. This cat appears slim and its color pattern is usually dark brown and it is spotted in some particular part of the body, like in ears, muzzle (around eyes, nose and mouth), feet and tail. This cat is friendly, just like other cats, but one thing that makes it different from the others is this cat is recognized as a very intelligent cat. This smart cat is also hyperactive and always want to know everything. Besides, Siamese is playful and extrovert. It also enjoys being with people. In this case, this cat is commonly close with only one single person (the owner). This cat has less activity in the night than most cat. It can make such a lot of noise, because it has a loud, low-pitched sound or “Meezer” which is lasting in demanding attention. It seems that this cat likes to be a center of interest. Indeed, this attractive cat can be a center of interest for people who like cats, especially for the pet lover.
Another cat that is considered as a pure breed cat and famous pet is Manx cat. Manx cat perhaps sounds strange, but actually it is just like the common local cat, but it is fatter and more rounded. Manx cat is best known by its tail, it has shortened-tail or tail-less. Its body length is also shorter than most cats. The back legs of a Manx are longer than the front legs, it makes the cat has a square appearance. Head is round in shape, and often very expressive, with large rounded eyes, small nose and ears which are smaller than most cat breeds. Its neck is short and its back bone is bowed. Based on its famous tail-less feature, the ideal Manx is generally divided into cat with stubbed tail which is called as the stumpy and cat with no tail which is called as the rumpy. Manx cat presents two types of coat or body hair length. The short-haired Manx has a double coat with a thick, short under-layer and the longer, coarse outer-layer with guard hairs. Whether short-haired or long-haired, all Manx have a thick double-layered coat. This cat is similar to the other cats in manner, it is active and it also likes to play. Similar with Siamese, this cat is also faithful, once it lives with one owner, it will not adapt with another owner easily. That is why this cat is regard as one person cat, like the Siamese. Another interesting fact is that this tail-less cat is also known as a skilled hunter, known to take down larger prey even when it is young. This cat is often seen in farm because it can help farmer to solve the rodent problems.
The last, but not least, there is Sphinx cat, the most unique cat from classification of pure breed cat. The Sphynx is a rare breed of cat known for its lack of a coat or body hair. Because of its name, the Sphinx cat, people believe that it must be related to Egypt. It is considered to come from Egypt and originally has black colored skin. This cat is famous for its very unique appearance. Sphynx generally has wedge-shaped head and strong, heavy body. Standards call for a full round abdomen, also known as pot belly. It seems that this cat has no hair on its body, but it is not really hairless. The skin texture is covered with very short, fine and soft body hair. Whiskers and eyebrows may be present, either whole or broken, or may be totally not present. The skin is the color of their fur would be, and all the usual cat marking patterns can be found on Sphynx skin. Because Sphynx cat has no coat to keep it warm, it likes to get closer next to other animals and people. This cat even tend to cuddle up and sleep with their owners under the covers. Lack of coat makes this cat quite warm to the touch. Sphynx is also known for its extrovert manner. It has a high level of energy, intelligence, curiosity, and affection for it owner.
In conclusion, there are many different cats with its own characteristics. Some of them are very unique and some of those cats can be classified into pure-breed cats. Even though, there are still many other types of cat, pure-breed cats can be considered as the most popular pet. This various pure breed cat has been familiar for pet lover. Any people can have it because they are considered as easy-to-care and homely pets. This classification of pure breed cat can be a reference for pet lovers or even cat lovers. It can help them to choose easily and wisely which one is the most unique cat and which one will be taken care in their home and be their lovely best friend.

Resita Sofiani / 209221416642

Football Players’ Position

Football is a sport played between two teams which consist of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is the world’s most popular sport and almost all of people like to play or watch a football game. For people who are the “real“ football lovers, they love to play and watch a football game because of its benefits. They play football as one kind of exercises, so they can keep their health by playing football. Besides, football is an economical sport, so people do not need to spend much money to do it. They still can play football although there is no goal and they wear no shoes, because they just need a large field and a ball. Another benefit is they can get entertainment by playing and watching football, so it can refresh their mind from stress. Yet, there are other people who like football because of the players. Many people, especially girls or women, love to watch a football game because they can see their favorite football players. Usually, they admire the football players who have a handsome face and an athletic body. For those people who love football because of the players, they usually do not know about football rules itself. On the other hand, they can enjoy the match instead of just looking at their favorite players if they know the rules. Moreover, one of the important football’s rules that they must know is about the position of the players. Football players can be classified into four categories based on their position on a game field.

The first category of football players’ position is a goalkeeper. A goalkeeper is a player who keeps his team’s goal and tries to stop the ball going into the goal. His position is in front of the goal and he must stay in his team’s penalty area. He has special privileges within the game because he may use his hands and arms to play the ball. Yet, catching the ball outside the penalty area is strictly prohibited for the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper is required to wear a distinctive color jersey, separate from either team’s regular jersey color. He is also allowed to wear trousers and gloves as his additional protective gears. The goalkeeper has some roles, such as stop any penetration of the ball into the goal, do a goal kick, and give instruction to the defender. Edwin Van Der Sar, Gianluigi Buffon, and Iker Cassilas are some examples of the best goalkeeper in the world.

The second category is defenders who stay in front of the goalkeeper to defend their team’s goal from the opponent’s team. There are two types of defenders, a center back and sweepers. Center back plays in central position between two sweepers. The main roles of a center back include; marking threats in their immediate area, making tackles on attacking players, intercepting dangerous crosses, and maintaining the defensive posture. Another type of defenders is sweepers. They play in right and left sides of center back and they have more flexible position than the center back. They can move forward and distribute the ball up-field. Sweepers have some main roles, such as building counter-attacking moves, controlling the ball, and defending the left-right side of their team’s defense area. There are some famous players in defenders position; for example Patrick Evra, Gary Neville, and Ashley Cole.

The next category of football players’ is midfielders. They play in front of the defenders and some of them blur the boundaries between midfielders and forwards. This position is divided into two types, center midfielder and defensive midfielders. Center midfielder is the most important player in terms of setting up attacks. This position enables him to have an all-round view of the game. Center midfielder usually has the greatest degree of control over how a game is played. On the other hand, there are defensive midfielders who primarily defend their team’s goal from opposition team’s attack. They are screening the defense by harrying and tackling the opposing teams’ players, covering the positions of defenders, and distributing the ball to the center midfielder. Steven Gerrard, Xavi Hernandez, and Ricardo Kaka are the greatest players in midfielders’ position.

The last category of the football players’ position is strikers or forwards. Strikers are the players on a team who play nearest to the opponent team’s goal and they are responsible to score goal. This is a very advanced position and strikers are often among the best-known players. Moreover, the strikers usually become the most expensive players in their teams. Center forward and wingers are two types of the strikers’ position. A center forward is a player who receives the ball from the midfielder, “holds up” the ball to the opposing team’s goal, and scores a goal. Comparing to a center forward, wingers have different role in a football game. They have to beat, cross, and tackle the opposing team’s defenders. Besides, they usually deliver the ball to the center forward or score a goal by themselves sometimes if they are in a good position. The winger players are usually the quickest players in the team and they usually have a good dribbling skill. Some of the best strikers who have a good skill are Lionel Messi, David Villa, and Cristiano Ronaldo.

From the explanation above, we know that football game is not as simple as people think. It has some rules and one of the main rules is the football players’ position. There are four different categories of football players based on their position in a game. They can be classified into a goalkeeper, defenders, midfielders, and strikers. Each position has special roles in a game. Yet, they should work together as a team to build strength and win the game.